/home/infinitibizsol/mypythonenv/lib64/python3.6/site-packages/pyautogui/ Current File: /home/infinitibizsol/mypythonenv/lib64/python3.6/site-packages/pyautogui/__init__.py
# PyAutoGUI lets Python control the mouse and keyboard, and other GUI automation tasks. For Windows, macOS, and Linux,
# on Python 3 and 2.
# https://github.com/asweigart/pyautogui
# Al Sweigart al@inventwithpython.com (Send me feedback & suggestions!)


# TODO - the following features are half-implemented right now:
# snapshot logging
# non-qwerty keyboard mapping
# primary secondary mouse button awareness


from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function


__version__ = "0.9.54"

import collections
import sys
import time
import datetime
import os
import platform
import re
import functools
from contextlib import contextmanager


class PyAutoGUIException(Exception):
    """
    PyAutoGUI code will raise this exception class for any invalid actions. If PyAutoGUI raises some other exception,
    you should assume that this is caused by a bug in PyAutoGUI itself. (Including a failure to catch potential
    exceptions raised by PyAutoGUI.)
    """

    pass


class FailSafeException(PyAutoGUIException):
    """
    This exception is raised by PyAutoGUI functions when the user puts the mouse cursor into one of the "failsafe
    points" (by default, one of the four corners of the primary monitor). This exception shouldn't be caught; it's
    meant to provide a way to terminate a misbehaving script.
    """

    pass


class ImageNotFoundException(PyAutoGUIException):
    """
    This exception is the PyAutoGUI version of PyScreeze's `ImageNotFoundException`, which is raised when a locate*()
    function call is unable to find an image.

    Ideally, `pyscreeze.ImageNotFoundException` should never be raised by PyAutoGUI.
    """


if sys.version_info[0] == 2 or sys.version_info[0:2] in ((3, 1), (3, 2)):
    # Python 2 and 3.1 and 3.2 uses collections.Sequence
    from collections import Sequence
else:
    # Python 3.3+ uses collections.abc.Sequence
    from collections.abc import Sequence


try:
    from pytweening import (
        easeInQuad,
        easeOutQuad,
        easeInOutQuad,
        easeInCubic,
        easeOutCubic,
        easeInOutCubic,
        easeInQuart,
        easeOutQuart,
        easeInOutQuart,
        easeInQuint,
        easeOutQuint,
        easeInOutQuint,
        easeInSine,
        easeOutSine,
        easeInOutSine,
        easeInExpo,
        easeOutExpo,
        easeInOutExpo,
        easeInCirc,
        easeOutCirc,
        easeInOutCirc,
        easeInElastic,
        easeOutElastic,
        easeInOutElastic,
        easeInBack,
        easeOutBack,
        easeInOutBack,
        easeInBounce,
        easeOutBounce,
        easeInOutBounce,
    )

    # getLine is not needed.
    # getPointOnLine has been redefined in this file, to avoid dependency on pytweening.
    # linear has also been redefined in this file.
except ImportError:

    def _couldNotImportPyTweening(*unused_args, **unused_kwargs):
        """
        This function raises ``PyAutoGUIException``. It's used for the PyTweening function names if the PyTweening
        module failed to be imported.
        """
        raise PyAutoGUIException(
            "PyAutoGUI was unable to import pytweening. Please install this module to enable the function you tried to call."
        )

    easeInQuad = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutQuad = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutQuad = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInCubic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutCubic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutCubic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInQuart = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutQuart = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutQuart = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInQuint = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutQuint = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutQuint = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInSine = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutSine = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutSine = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInExpo = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutExpo = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutExpo = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInCirc = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutCirc = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutCirc = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInElastic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutElastic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutElastic = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInBack = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutBack = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutBack = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInBounce = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeOutBounce = _couldNotImportPyTweening
    easeInOutBounce = _couldNotImportPyTweening


try:
    from pymsgbox import alert, confirm, prompt, password
except ImportError:
    # If pymsgbox module is not found, those methods will not be available.
    def _couldNotImportPyMsgBox(*unused_args, **unused_kwargs):
        """
        This function raises ``PyAutoGUIException``. It's used for the PyMsgBox function names if the PyMsgbox module
        failed to be imported.
        """
        raise PyAutoGUIException(
            "PyAutoGUI was unable to import pymsgbox. Please install this module to enable the function you tried to call."
        )

    alert = confirm = prompt = password = _couldNotImportPyMsgBox


def raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException(wrappedFunction):
    """
    A decorator that wraps PyScreeze locate*() functions so that the PyAutoGUI user sees them raise PyAutoGUI's
    ImageNotFoundException rather than PyScreeze's ImageNotFoundException. This is because PyScreeze should be
    invisible to PyAutoGUI users.
    """

    @functools.wraps(wrappedFunction)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        try:
            return wrappedFunction(*args, **kwargs)
        except pyscreeze.ImageNotFoundException:
            raise ImageNotFoundException  # Raise PyAutoGUI's ImageNotFoundException.

    return wrapper


try:
    import pyscreeze
    from pyscreeze import center, pixel, pixelMatchesColor, screenshot

    # Change the locate*() functions so that they raise PyAutoGUI's ImageNotFoundException instead.
    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locate(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locate(*args, **kwargs)

    locate.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locate.__doc__

    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locateAll(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locateAll(*args, **kwargs)

    locateAll.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locateAll.__doc__

    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locateAllOnScreen(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locateAllOnScreen(*args, **kwargs)

    locateAllOnScreen.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locateAllOnScreen.__doc__

    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locateCenterOnScreen(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locateCenterOnScreen(*args, **kwargs)

    locateCenterOnScreen.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locateCenterOnScreen.__doc__

    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locateOnScreen(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locateOnScreen(*args, **kwargs)

    locateOnScreen.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locateOnScreen.__doc__

    @raisePyAutoGUIImageNotFoundException
    def locateOnWindow(*args, **kwargs):
        return pyscreeze.locateOnWindow(*args, **kwargs)

    locateOnWindow.__doc__ = pyscreeze.locateOnWindow.__doc__


except ImportError:
    # If pyscreeze module is not found, screenshot-related features will simply not work.
    def _couldNotImportPyScreeze(*unused_args, **unsed_kwargs):
        """
        This function raises ``PyAutoGUIException``. It's used for the PyScreeze function names if the PyScreeze module
        failed to be imported.
        """
        raise PyAutoGUIException(
            "PyAutoGUI was unable to import pyscreeze. (This is likely because you're running a version of Python that Pillow (which pyscreeze depends on) doesn't support currently.) Please install this module to enable the function you tried to call."
        )

    center = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    #grab = _couldNotImportPyScreeze  # grab() was removed, use screenshot() instead
    locate = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    locateAll = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    locateAllOnScreen = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    locateCenterOnScreen = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    locateOnScreen = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    locateOnWindow = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    pixel = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    pixelMatchesColor = _couldNotImportPyScreeze
    screenshot = _couldNotImportPyScreeze


try:
    import mouseinfo

    def mouseInfo():
        """
        Launches the MouseInfo app. This application provides mouse coordinate information which can be useful when
        planning GUI automation tasks. This function blocks until the application is closed.
        """
        mouseinfo.MouseInfoWindow()

except ImportError:

    def mouseInfo():
        """
        This function raises PyAutoGUIException. It's used for the MouseInfo function names if the MouseInfo module
        failed to be imported.
        """
        raise PyAutoGUIException(
            "PyAutoGUI was unable to import mouseinfo. Please install this module to enable the function you tried to call."
        )


def useImageNotFoundException(value=None):
    """
    When called with no arguments, PyAutoGUI will raise ImageNotFoundException when the PyScreeze locate*() functions
    can't find the image it was told to locate. The default behavior is to return None. Call this function with no
    arguments (or with True as the argument) to have exceptions raised, which is a better practice.

    You can also disable raising exceptions by passing False for the argument.
    """
    if value is None:
        value = True
    # TODO - this will cause a NameError if PyScreeze couldn't be imported:
    try:
        pyscreeze.USE_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND_EXCEPTION = value
    except NameError:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("useImageNotFoundException() ws called but pyscreeze isn't installed.")


if sys.platform == "win32":  # PyGetWindow currently only supports Windows.
    try:
        from pygetwindow import (
            Window,
            getActiveWindow,
            getActiveWindowTitle,
            getWindowsAt,
            getWindowsWithTitle,
            getAllWindows,
            getAllTitles,
        )
    except ImportError:
        # If pygetwindow module is not found, those methods will not be available.
        def _couldNotImportPyGetWindow(*unused_args, **unused_kwargs):
            """
            This function raises PyAutoGUIException. It's used for the PyGetWindow function names if the PyGetWindow
            module failed to be imported.
            """
            raise PyAutoGUIException(
                "PyAutoGUI was unable to import pygetwindow. Please install this module to enable the function you tried to call."
            )

        Window = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getActiveWindow = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getActiveWindowTitle = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getWindowsAt = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getWindowsWithTitle = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getAllWindows = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow
        getAllTitles = _couldNotImportPyGetWindow

KEY_NAMES = [
    "\t",
    "\n",
    "\r",
    " ",
    "!",
    '"',
    "#",
    "$",
    "%",
    "&",
    "'",
    "(",
    ")",
    "*",
    "+",
    ",",
    "-",
    ".",
    "/",
    "0",
    "1",
    "2",
    "3",
    "4",
    "5",
    "6",
    "7",
    "8",
    "9",
    ":",
    ";",
    "<",
    "=",
    ">",
    "?",
    "@",
    "[",
    "\\",
    "]",
    "^",
    "_",
    "`",
    "a",
    "b",
    "c",
    "d",
    "e",
    "f",
    "g",
    "h",
    "i",
    "j",
    "k",
    "l",
    "m",
    "n",
    "o",
    "p",
    "q",
    "r",
    "s",
    "t",
    "u",
    "v",
    "w",
    "x",
    "y",
    "z",
    "{",
    "|",
    "}",
    "~",
    "accept",
    "add",
    "alt",
    "altleft",
    "altright",
    "apps",
    "backspace",
    "browserback",
    "browserfavorites",
    "browserforward",
    "browserhome",
    "browserrefresh",
    "browsersearch",
    "browserstop",
    "capslock",
    "clear",
    "convert",
    "ctrl",
    "ctrlleft",
    "ctrlright",
    "decimal",
    "del",
    "delete",
    "divide",
    "down",
    "end",
    "enter",
    "esc",
    "escape",
    "execute",
    "f1",
    "f10",
    "f11",
    "f12",
    "f13",
    "f14",
    "f15",
    "f16",
    "f17",
    "f18",
    "f19",
    "f2",
    "f20",
    "f21",
    "f22",
    "f23",
    "f24",
    "f3",
    "f4",
    "f5",
    "f6",
    "f7",
    "f8",
    "f9",
    "final",
    "fn",
    "hanguel",
    "hangul",
    "hanja",
    "help",
    "home",
    "insert",
    "junja",
    "kana",
    "kanji",
    "launchapp1",
    "launchapp2",
    "launchmail",
    "launchmediaselect",
    "left",
    "modechange",
    "multiply",
    "nexttrack",
    "nonconvert",
    "num0",
    "num1",
    "num2",
    "num3",
    "num4",
    "num5",
    "num6",
    "num7",
    "num8",
    "num9",
    "numlock",
    "pagedown",
    "pageup",
    "pause",
    "pgdn",
    "pgup",
    "playpause",
    "prevtrack",
    "print",
    "printscreen",
    "prntscrn",
    "prtsc",
    "prtscr",
    "return",
    "right",
    "scrolllock",
    "select",
    "separator",
    "shift",
    "shiftleft",
    "shiftright",
    "sleep",
    "space",
    "stop",
    "subtract",
    "tab",
    "up",
    "volumedown",
    "volumemute",
    "volumeup",
    "win",
    "winleft",
    "winright",
    "yen",
    "command",
    "option",
    "optionleft",
    "optionright",
]
KEYBOARD_KEYS = KEY_NAMES  # keeping old KEYBOARD_KEYS for backwards compatibility

# Constants for the mouse button names:
LEFT = "left"
MIDDLE = "middle"
RIGHT = "right"
PRIMARY = "primary"
SECONDARY = "secondary"

# Different keyboard mappings:
# TODO - finish this feature.
# NOTE: Eventually, I'd like to come up with a better system than this. For now, this seems like it works.
QWERTY = r"""`1234567890-=qwertyuiop[]\asdfghjkl;'zxcvbnm,./~!@#$%^&*()_+QWERTYUIOP{}|ASDFGHJKL:"ZXCVBNM<>?"""
QWERTZ = r"""=1234567890/0qwertzuiop89-asdfghjkl,\yxcvbnm,.7+!@#$%^&*()?)QWERTZUIOP*(_ASDFGHJKL<|YXCVBNM<>&"""


def isShiftCharacter(character):
    """
    Returns True if the ``character`` is a keyboard key that would require the shift key to be held down, such as
    uppercase letters or the symbols on the keyboard's number row.
    """
    # NOTE TODO - This will be different for non-qwerty keyboards.
    return character.isupper() or character in set('~!@#$%^&*()_+{}|:"<>?')


# The platformModule is where we reference the platform-specific functions.
if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
    # from . import _pyautogui_java as platformModule
    raise NotImplementedError("Jython is not yet supported by PyAutoGUI.")
elif sys.platform == "darwin":
    from . import _pyautogui_osx as platformModule
elif sys.platform == "win32":
    from . import _pyautogui_win as platformModule
elif platform.system() == "Linux":
    from . import _pyautogui_x11 as platformModule
else:
    raise NotImplementedError("Your platform (%s) is not supported by PyAutoGUI." % (platform.system()))

# TODO: Having module-wide user-writable global variables is bad. It makes
# restructuring the code very difficult. For instance, what if we decide to
# move the mouse-related functions to a separate file (a submodule)? How that
# file will access this module vars? It will probably lead to a circular
# import.

# In seconds. Any duration less than this is rounded to 0.0 to instantly move
# the mouse.
MINIMUM_DURATION = 0.1
# If sleep_amount is less than MINIMUM_DURATION, time.sleep() will be a no-op and the mouse cursor moves there instantly.
# TODO: This value should vary with the platform. http://stackoverflow.com/q/1133857
MINIMUM_SLEEP = 0.05

# The number of seconds to pause after EVERY public function call. Useful for debugging:
PAUSE = 0.1  # Tenth-second pause by default.

# Interface need some catch up time on darwin (macOS) systems. Possible values probably differ based on your system performance.
# This value affects mouse moveTo, dragTo and key event duration.
# TODO: Find a dynamic way to let the system catch up instead of blocking with a magic number.
DARWIN_CATCH_UP_TIME = 0.01

# If the mouse is over a coordinate in FAILSAFE_POINTS and FAILSAFE is True, the FailSafeException is raised.
# The rest of the points are added to the FAILSAFE_POINTS list at the bottom of this file, after size() has been defined.
# The points are for the corners of the screen, but note that these points don't automatically change if the screen resolution changes.
FAILSAFE = True
FAILSAFE_POINTS = [(0, 0)]

LOG_SCREENSHOTS = False  # If True, save screenshots for clicks and key presses.

# If not None, PyAutoGUI deletes old screenshots when this limit has been reached:
LOG_SCREENSHOTS_LIMIT = 10
G_LOG_SCREENSHOTS_FILENAMES = []  # TODO - make this a deque

Point = collections.namedtuple("Point", "x y")
Size = collections.namedtuple("Size", "width height")


def _genericPyAutoGUIChecks(wrappedFunction):
    """
    A decorator that calls failSafeCheck() before the decorated function and
    _handlePause() after it.
    """

    @functools.wraps(wrappedFunction)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        failSafeCheck()
        returnVal = wrappedFunction(*args, **kwargs)
        _handlePause(kwargs.get("_pause", True))
        return returnVal

    return wrapper


# General Functions
# =================


def getPointOnLine(x1, y1, x2, y2, n):
    """
    Returns an (x, y) tuple of the point that has progressed a proportion ``n`` along the line defined by the two
    ``x1``, ``y1`` and ``x2``, ``y2`` coordinates.

    This function was copied from pytweening module, so that it can be called even if PyTweening is not installed.
    """
    x = ((x2 - x1) * n) + x1
    y = ((y2 - y1) * n) + y1
    return (x, y)


def linear(n):
    """
    Returns ``n``, where ``n`` is the float argument between ``0.0`` and ``1.0``. This function is for the default
    linear tween for mouse moving functions.

    This function was copied from PyTweening module, so that it can be called even if PyTweening is not installed.
    """

    # We use this function instead of pytweening.linear for the default tween function just in case pytweening couldn't be imported.
    if not 0.0 <= n <= 1.0:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Argument must be between 0.0 and 1.0.")
    return n


def _handlePause(_pause):
    """
    A helper function for performing a pause at the end of a PyAutoGUI function based on some settings.

    If ``_pause`` is ``True``, then sleep for ``PAUSE`` seconds (the global pause setting).
    """
    if _pause:
        assert isinstance(PAUSE, int) or isinstance(PAUSE, float)
        time.sleep(PAUSE)


def _normalizeXYArgs(firstArg, secondArg):
    """
    Returns a ``Point`` object based on ``firstArg`` and ``secondArg``, which are the first two arguments passed to
    several PyAutoGUI functions. If ``firstArg`` and ``secondArg`` are both ``None``, returns the current mouse cursor
    position.

    ``firstArg`` and ``secondArg`` can be integers, a sequence of integers, or a string representing an image filename
    to find on the screen (and return the center coordinates of).
    """
    if firstArg is None and secondArg is None:
        return position()

    elif firstArg is None and secondArg is not None:
        return Point(int(position()[0]), int(secondArg))

    elif secondArg is None and firstArg is not None and not isinstance(firstArg, Sequence):
        return Point(int(firstArg), int(position()[1]))

    elif isinstance(firstArg, str):
        # If x is a string, we assume it's an image filename to locate on the screen:
        try:
            location = locateOnScreen(firstArg)
            # The following code only runs if pyscreeze.USE_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND_EXCEPTION is not set to True, meaning that
            # locateOnScreen() returns None if the image can't be found.
            if location is not None:
                return center(location)
            else:
                return None
        except pyscreeze.ImageNotFoundException:
            raise ImageNotFoundException

        return center(locateOnScreen(firstArg))

    elif isinstance(firstArg, Sequence):
        if len(firstArg) == 2:
            # firstArg is a two-integer tuple: (x, y)
            if secondArg is None:
                return Point(int(firstArg[0]), int(firstArg[1]))
            else:
                raise PyAutoGUIException(
                    "When passing a sequence for firstArg, secondArg must not be passed (received {0}).".format(
                        repr(secondArg)
                    )
                )
        elif len(firstArg) == 4:
            # firstArg is a four-integer tuple, (left, top, width, height), we should return the center point
            if secondArg is None:
                return center(firstArg)
            else:
                raise PyAutoGUIException(
                    "When passing a sequence for firstArg, secondArg must not be passed and default to None (received {0}).".format(
                        repr(secondArg)
                    )
                )
        else:
            raise PyAutoGUIException(
                "The supplied sequence must have exactly 2 or exactly 4 elements ({0} were received).".format(
                    len(firstArg)
                )
            )
    else:
        return Point(int(firstArg), int(secondArg))  # firstArg and secondArg are just x and y number values


def _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, funcName, funcArgs, folder="."):
    """
    A helper function that creates a screenshot to act as a logging mechanism. When a PyAutoGUI function is called,
    this function is also called to capture the state of the screen when that function was called.

    If ``logScreenshot`` is ``False`` (or None and the ``LOG_SCREENSHOTS`` constant is ``False``), no screenshot is taken.

    The ``funcName`` argument is a string of the calling function's name. It's used in the screenshot's filename.

    The ``funcArgs`` argument is a string describing the arguments passed to the calling function. It's limited to
    twelve characters to keep it short.

    The ``folder`` argument is the folder to place the screenshot file in, and defaults to the current working directory.
    """
    if not logScreenshot:
        return  # Don't take a screenshot.
    if logScreenshot is None and LOG_SCREENSHOTS is False:
        return  # Don't take a screenshot.

    # Ensure that the "specifics" string isn't too long for the filename:
    if len(funcArgs) > 12:
        funcArgs = funcArgs[:12] + "..."

    now = datetime.datetime.now()
    filename = "%s-%s-%s_%s-%s-%s-%s_%s_%s.png" % (
        now.year,
        str(now.month).rjust(2, "0"),
        str(now.day).rjust(2, "0"),
        now.hour,
        now.minute,
        now.second,
        str(now.microsecond)[:3],
        funcName,
        funcArgs,
    )
    filepath = os.path.join(folder, filename)

    # Delete the oldest screenshot if we've reached the maximum:
    if (LOG_SCREENSHOTS_LIMIT is not None) and (len(G_LOG_SCREENSHOTS_FILENAMES) >= LOG_SCREENSHOTS_LIMIT):
        os.unlink(os.path.join(folder, G_LOG_SCREENSHOTS_FILENAMES[0]))
        del G_LOG_SCREENSHOTS_FILENAMES[0]

    screenshot(filepath)
    G_LOG_SCREENSHOTS_FILENAMES.append(filename)


def position(x=None, y=None):
    """
    Returns the current xy coordinates of the mouse cursor as a two-integer tuple.

    Args:
      x (int, None, optional) - If not None, this argument overrides the x in
        the return value.
      y (int, None, optional) - If not None, this argument overrides the y in
        the return value.

    Returns:
      (x, y) tuple of the current xy coordinates of the mouse cursor.

    NOTE: The position() function doesn't check for failsafe.
    """
    posx, posy = platformModule._position()
    posx = int(posx)
    posy = int(posy)
    if x is not None:  # If set, the x parameter overrides the return value.
        posx = int(x)
    if y is not None:  # If set, the y parameter overrides the return value.
        posy = int(y)
    return Point(posx, posy)


def size():
    """Returns the width and height of the screen as a two-integer tuple.

    Returns:
      (width, height) tuple of the screen size, in pixels.
    """
    return Size(*platformModule._size())


resolution = size  # resolution() is an alias for size()


def onScreen(x, y=None):
    """Returns whether the given xy coordinates are on the primary screen or not.

    Note that this function doesn't work for secondary screens.

    Args:
      Either the arguments are two separate values, first arg for x and second
        for y, or there is a single argument of a sequence with two values, the
        first x and the second y.
        Example: onScreen(x, y) or onScreen([x, y])

    Returns:
      bool: True if the xy coordinates are on the screen at its current
        resolution, otherwise False.
    """
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)
    x = int(x)
    y = int(y)

    width, height = platformModule._size()
    return 0 <= x < width and 0 <= y < height


# Mouse Functions
# ===============

"""
NOTE: Although "mouse1" and "mouse2" buttons usually refer to the left and
right mouse buttons respectively, in PyAutoGUI 1, 2, and 3 refer to the left,
middle, and right buttons, respectively. This is because Xlib interprets
button 2 as the middle button and button 3 as the right button, so we hold
that for Windows and macOS as well (since those operating systems don't use
button numbers but rather just "left" or "right").
"""


def _normalizeButton(button):
    """
    The left, middle, and right mouse buttons are button numbers 1, 2, and 3 respectively. This is the numbering that
    Xlib on Linux uses (while Windows and macOS don't care about numbers; they just use "left" and "right").

    This function takes one of ``LEFT``, ``MIDDLE``, ``RIGHT``, ``PRIMARY``, ``SECONDARY``, ``1``, ``2``, ``3``, ``4``,
    ``5``, ``6``, or ``7`` for the button argument and returns either ``LEFT``, ``MIDDLE``, ``RIGHT``, ``4``, ``5``,
    ``6``, or ``7``. The ``PRIMARY``, ``SECONDARY``, ``1``, ``2``, and ``3`` values are never returned.

    The ``'left'`` and ``'right'`` mouse buttons will always refer to the physical left and right
    buttons on the mouse. The same applies for buttons 1 and 3.

    However, if ``button`` is ``'primary'`` or ``'secondary'``, then we must check if
    the mouse buttons have been "swapped" (for left-handed users) by the operating system's mouse
    settings.

    If the buttons are swapped, the primary button is the right mouse button and the secondary button is the left mouse
    button. If not swapped, the primary and secondary buttons are the left and right buttons, respectively.

    NOTE: Swap detection has not been implemented yet.
    """
    # TODO - The swap detection hasn't been done yet. For Windows, see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45627956/check-if-mouse-buttons-are-swapped-or-not-in-c
    # TODO - We should check the OS settings to see if it's a left-hand setup, where button 1 would be "right".

    # Check that `button` has a valid value:
    button = button.lower()
    if platform.system() == "Linux":
        # Check for valid button arg on Linux:
        if button not in (LEFT, MIDDLE, RIGHT, PRIMARY, SECONDARY, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7):
            raise PyAutoGUIException(
                "button argument must be one of ('left', 'middle', 'right', 'primary', 'secondary', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)"
            )
    else:
        # Check for valid button arg on Windows and macOS:
        if button not in (LEFT, MIDDLE, RIGHT, PRIMARY, SECONDARY, 1, 2, 3):
            raise PyAutoGUIException(
                "button argument must be one of ('left', 'middle', 'right', 'primary', 'secondary', 1, 2, 3)"
            )

    # TODO - Check if the primary/secondary mouse buttons have been swapped:
    if button in (PRIMARY, SECONDARY):
        swapped = platformModule._mouse_is_swapped()
        if swapped:
            if button == PRIMARY:
                return RIGHT
            elif button == SECONDARY:
                return LEFT
        else:
            if button == PRIMARY:
                return LEFT
            elif button == SECONDARY:
                return RIGHT

    # Return a mouse button integer value, not a string like 'left':
    return {LEFT: LEFT, MIDDLE: MIDDLE, RIGHT: RIGHT, 1: LEFT, 2: MIDDLE, 3: RIGHT, 4: 4, 5: 5, 6: 6, 7: 7}[button]


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def mouseDown(x=None, y=None, button=PRIMARY, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs pressing a mouse button down (but not up).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        mouse down happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        mouse down happens. None by default.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button pressed down. TODO

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      PyAutoGUIException: If button is not one of 'left', 'middle', 'right', 1, 2, or 3
    """
    button = _normalizeButton(button)
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)

    _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration=0, tween=None)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "mouseDown", "%s,%s" % (x, y), folder=".")
    platformModule._mouseDown(x, y, button)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def mouseUp(x=None, y=None, button=PRIMARY, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs releasing a mouse button up (but not down beforehand).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        mouse up happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        mouse up happens. None by default.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      PyAutoGUIException: If button is not one of 'left', 'middle', 'right', 1, 2, or 3
    """
    button = _normalizeButton(button)
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)

    _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration=0, tween=None)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "mouseUp", "%s,%s" % (x, y), folder=".")
    platformModule._mouseUp(x, y, button)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def click(
    x=None, y=None, clicks=1, interval=0.0, button=PRIMARY, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True
):
    """
    Performs pressing a mouse button down and then immediately releasing it. Returns ``None``.

    When no arguments are passed, the primary mouse button is clicked at the mouse cursor's current location.

    If integers for ``x`` and ``y`` are passed, the click will happen at that XY coordinate. If ``x`` is a string, the
    string is an image filename that PyAutoGUI will attempt to locate on the screen and click the center of. If ``x``
    is a sequence of two coordinates, those coordinates will be used for the XY coordinate to click on.

    The ``clicks`` argument is an int of how many clicks to make, and defaults to ``1``.

    The ``interval`` argument is an int or float of how many seconds to wait in between each click, if ``clicks`` is
    greater than ``1``. It defaults to ``0.0`` for no pause in between clicks.

    The ``button`` argument is one of the constants ``LEFT``, ``MIDDLE``, ``RIGHT``, ``PRIMARY``, or ``SECONDARY``.
    It defaults to ``PRIMARY`` (which is the left mouse button, unless the operating system has been set for
    left-handed users.)

    If ``x`` and ``y`` are specified, and the click is not happening at the mouse cursor's current location, then
    the ``duration`` argument is an int or float of how many seconds it should take to move the mouse to the XY
    coordinates. It defaults to ``0`` for an instant move.

    If ``x`` and ``y`` are specified and ``duration`` is not ``0``, the ``tween`` argument is a tweening function
    that specifies the movement pattern of the mouse cursor as it moves to the XY coordinates. The default is a
    simple linear tween. See the PyTweening module documentation for more details.

    The ``pause`` parameter is deprecated. Call the ``pyautogui.sleep()`` function to implement a pause.

    Raises:
      PyAutoGUIException: If button is not one of 'left', 'middle', 'right', 1, 2, 3
    """
    # TODO: I'm leaving buttons 4, 5, 6, and 7 undocumented for now. I need to understand how they work.
    button = _normalizeButton(button)
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)

    # Move the mouse cursor to the x, y coordinate:
    _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration, tween)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "click", "%s,%s,%s,%s" % (button, clicks, x, y), folder=".")

    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
        for i in range(clicks):
            failSafeCheck()
            if button in (LEFT, MIDDLE, RIGHT):
                platformModule._multiClick(x, y, button, 1, interval)
    else:
        for i in range(clicks):
            failSafeCheck()
            if button in (LEFT, MIDDLE, RIGHT):
                platformModule._click(x, y, button)

            time.sleep(interval)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def leftClick(x=None, y=None, interval=0.0, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a left mouse button click.

    This is a wrapper function for click('left', x, y).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each click,
        if the number of clicks is greater than 1. 0.0 by default, for no
        pause in between clicks.

    Returns:
      None
    """

    # TODO - Do we need the decorator for this function? Should click() handle this? (Also applies to other alias functions.)
    click(x, y, 1, interval, LEFT, duration, tween, logScreenshot, _pause=_pause)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def rightClick(x=None, y=None, interval=0.0, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a right mouse button click.

    This is a wrapper function for click('right', x, y).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each click,
        if the number of clicks is greater than 1. 0.0 by default, for no
        pause in between clicks.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    click(x, y, 1, interval, RIGHT, duration, tween, logScreenshot, _pause=_pause)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def middleClick(x=None, y=None, interval=0.0, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a middle mouse button click.

    This is a wrapper function for click('middle', x, y).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    click(x, y, 1, interval, MIDDLE, duration, tween, logScreenshot, _pause=_pause)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def doubleClick(x=None, y=None, interval=0.0, button=LEFT, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a double click.

    This is a wrapper function for click('left', x, y, 2, interval).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each click,
        if the number of clicks is greater than 1. 0.0 by default, for no
        pause in between clicks.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      PyAutoGUIException: If button is not one of 'left', 'middle', 'right', 1, 2, 3, 4,
        5, 6, or 7
    """

    # Multiple clicks work different in OSX
    if sys.platform == "darwin":
        x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)
        _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration=0, tween=None)
        x, y = platformModule._position()
        platformModule._multiClick(x, y, button, 2)
        _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, 'click', '%s,%s,%s,2' % (x, y, button), folder='.')
    else:
        # Click for Windows or Linux:
        click(x, y, 2, interval, button, duration, tween, logScreenshot, _pause=False)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def tripleClick(x=None, y=None, interval=0.0, button=LEFT, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a triple click.

    This is a wrapper function for click('left', x, y, 3, interval).

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each click,
        if the number of clicks is greater than 1. 0.0 by default, for no
        pause in between clicks.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO

    Returns:
      None

    Raises:
      PyAutoGUIException: If button is not one of 'left', 'middle', 'right', 1, 2, 3, 4,
        5, 6, or 7
    """
    # Multiple clicks work different in OSX
    if sys.platform == "darwin":
        x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)
        _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration=0, tween=None)
        x, y = platformModule._position()
        _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "click", "%s,%s,%s,3" % (x, y, button), folder=".")
        platformModule._multiClick(x, y, button, 3)
    else:
        # Click for Windows or Linux:
        click(x, y, 3, interval, button, duration, tween, logScreenshot, _pause=False)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def scroll(clicks, x=None, y=None, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a scroll of the mouse scroll wheel.

    Whether this is a vertical or horizontal scroll depends on the underlying
    operating system.

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      clicks (int, float): The amount of scrolling to perform.
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if type(x) in (tuple, list):
        x, y = x[0], x[1]
    x, y = position(x, y)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "scroll", "%s,%s,%s" % (clicks, x, y), folder=".")
    platformModule._scroll(clicks, x, y)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def hscroll(clicks, x=None, y=None, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs an explicitly horizontal scroll of the mouse scroll wheel,
    if this is supported by the operating system. (Currently just Linux.)

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      clicks (int, float): The amount of scrolling to perform.
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if type(x) in (tuple, list):
        x, y = x[0], x[1]
    x, y = position(x, y)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "hscroll", "%s,%s,%s" % (clicks, x, y), folder=".")
    platformModule._hscroll(clicks, x, y)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def vscroll(clicks, x=None, y=None, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs an explicitly vertical scroll of the mouse scroll wheel,
    if this is supported by the operating system. (Currently just Linux.)

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      clicks (int, float): The amount of scrolling to perform.
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if type(x) in (tuple, list):
        x, y = x[0], x[1]
    x, y = position(x, y)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "vscroll", "%s,%s,%s" % (clicks, x, y), folder=".")
    platformModule._vscroll(clicks, x, y)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def moveTo(x=None, y=None, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=False, _pause=True):
    """Moves the mouse cursor to a point on the screen.

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): The x position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): The y position on the screen where the
        click happens. None by default.
      duration (float, optional): The amount of time it takes to move the mouse
        cursor to the xy coordinates. If 0, then the mouse cursor is moved
        instantaneously. 0.0 by default.
      tween (func, optional): The tweening function used if the duration is not
        0. A linear tween is used by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "moveTo", "%s,%s" % (x, y), folder=".")
    _mouseMoveDrag("move", x, y, 0, 0, duration, tween)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def moveRel(xOffset=None, yOffset=None, duration=0.0, tween=linear, logScreenshot=False, _pause=True):
    """Moves the mouse cursor to a point on the screen, relative to its current
    position.

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): How far left (for negative values) or
        right (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
      y (int, float, None, optional): How far up (for negative values) or
        down (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      duration (float, optional): The amount of time it takes to move the mouse
        cursor to the new xy coordinates. If 0, then the mouse cursor is moved
        instantaneously. 0.0 by default.
      tween (func, optional): The tweening function used if the duration is not
        0. A linear tween is used by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    xOffset, yOffset = _normalizeXYArgs(xOffset, yOffset)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "moveRel", "%s,%s" % (xOffset, yOffset), folder=".")
    _mouseMoveDrag("move", None, None, xOffset, yOffset, duration, tween)


move = moveRel  # For PyAutoGUI 1.0, move() replaces moveRel().


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def dragTo(
    x=None, y=None, duration=0.0, tween=linear, button=PRIMARY, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True, mouseDownUp=True
):
    """Performs a mouse drag (mouse movement while a button is held down) to a
    point on the screen.

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): How far left (for negative values) or
        right (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default. If tuple, this is used for x and y.
        If x is a str, it's considered a filename of an image to find on
        the screen with locateOnScreen() and click the center of.
      y (int, float, None, optional): How far up (for negative values) or
        down (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      duration (float, optional): The amount of time it takes to move the mouse
        cursor to the new xy coordinates. If 0, then the mouse cursor is moved
        instantaneously. 0.0 by default.
      tween (func, optional): The tweening function used if the duration is not
        0. A linear tween is used by default.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO
      mouseDownUp (True, False): When true, the mouseUp/Down actions are not performed.
        Which allows dragging over multiple (small) actions. 'True' by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    x, y = _normalizeXYArgs(x, y)

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "dragTo", "%s,%s" % (x, y), folder=".")
    if mouseDownUp:
        mouseDown(button=button, logScreenshot=False, _pause=False)
    _mouseMoveDrag("drag", x, y, 0, 0, duration, tween, button)
    if mouseDownUp:
        mouseUp(button=button, logScreenshot=False, _pause=False)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def dragRel(
    xOffset=0, yOffset=0, duration=0.0, tween=linear, button=PRIMARY, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True, mouseDownUp=True
):
    """Performs a mouse drag (mouse movement while a button is held down) to a
    point on the screen, relative to its current position.

    The x and y parameters detail where the mouse event happens. If None, the
    current mouse position is used. If a float value, it is rounded down. If
    outside the boundaries of the screen, the event happens at edge of the
    screen.

    Args:
      x (int, float, None, tuple, optional): How far left (for negative values) or
        right (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default. If tuple, this is used for xOffset and yOffset.
      y (int, float, None, optional): How far up (for negative values) or
        down (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      duration (float, optional): The amount of time it takes to move the mouse
        cursor to the new xy coordinates. If 0, then the mouse cursor is moved
        instantaneously. 0.0 by default.
      tween (func, optional): The tweening function used if the duration is not
        0. A linear tween is used by default.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO
      mouseDownUp (True, False): When true, the mouseUp/Down actions are not performed.
        Which allows dragging over multiple (small) actions. 'True' by default.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if xOffset is None:
        xOffset = 0
    if yOffset is None:
        yOffset = 0

    if type(xOffset) in (tuple, list):
        xOffset, yOffset = xOffset[0], xOffset[1]

    if xOffset == 0 and yOffset == 0:
        return  # no-op case

    mousex, mousey = platformModule._position()
    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "dragRel", "%s,%s" % (xOffset, yOffset), folder=".")
    if mouseDownUp:
        mouseDown(button=button, logScreenshot=False, _pause=False)
    _mouseMoveDrag("drag", mousex, mousey, xOffset, yOffset, duration, tween, button)
    if mouseDownUp:
        mouseUp(button=button, logScreenshot=False, _pause=False)


drag = dragRel  # For PyAutoGUI 1.0, we want drag() to replace dragRel().


def _mouseMoveDrag(moveOrDrag, x, y, xOffset, yOffset, duration, tween=linear, button=None):
    """Handles the actual move or drag event, since different platforms
    implement them differently.

    On Windows & Linux, a drag is a normal mouse move while a mouse button is
    held down. On OS X, a distinct "drag" event must be used instead.

    The code for moving and dragging the mouse is similar, so this function
    handles both. Users should call the moveTo() or dragTo() functions instead
    of calling _mouseMoveDrag().

    Args:
      moveOrDrag (str): Either 'move' or 'drag', for the type of action this is.
      x (int, float, None, optional): How far left (for negative values) or
        right (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      y (int, float, None, optional): How far up (for negative values) or
        down (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      xOffset (int, float, None, optional): How far left (for negative values) or
        right (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      yOffset (int, float, None, optional): How far up (for negative values) or
        down (for positive values) to move the cursor. 0 by default.
      duration (float, optional): The amount of time it takes to move the mouse
        cursor to the new xy coordinates. If 0, then the mouse cursor is moved
        instantaneously. 0.0 by default.
      tween (func, optional): The tweening function used if the duration is not
        0. A linear tween is used by default.
      button (str, int, optional): The mouse button released. TODO

    Returns:
      None
    """

    # The move and drag code is similar, but OS X requires a special drag event instead of just a move event when dragging.
    # See https://stackoverflow.com/a/2696107/1893164
    assert moveOrDrag in ("move", "drag"), "moveOrDrag must be in ('move', 'drag'), not %s" % (moveOrDrag)

    if sys.platform != "darwin":
        moveOrDrag = "move"  # Only OS X needs the drag event specifically.

    xOffset = int(xOffset) if xOffset is not None else 0
    yOffset = int(yOffset) if yOffset is not None else 0

    if x is None and y is None and xOffset == 0 and yOffset == 0:
        return  # Special case for no mouse movement at all.

    startx, starty = position()

    x = int(x) if x is not None else startx
    y = int(y) if y is not None else starty

    # x, y, xOffset, yOffset are now int.
    x += xOffset
    y += yOffset

    width, height = size()

    # Make sure x and y are within the screen bounds.
    # x = max(0, min(x, width - 1))
    # y = max(0, min(y, height - 1))

    # If the duration is small enough, just move the cursor there instantly.
    steps = [(x, y)]

    if duration > MINIMUM_DURATION:
        # Non-instant moving/dragging involves tweening:
        num_steps = max(width, height)
        sleep_amount = duration / num_steps
        if sleep_amount < MINIMUM_SLEEP:
            num_steps = int(duration / MINIMUM_SLEEP)
            sleep_amount = duration / num_steps

        steps = [getPointOnLine(startx, starty, x, y, tween(n / num_steps)) for n in range(num_steps)]
        # Making sure the last position is the actual destination.
        steps.append((x, y))

    for tweenX, tweenY in steps:
        if len(steps) > 1:
            # A single step does not require tweening.
            time.sleep(sleep_amount)

        tweenX = int(round(tweenX))
        tweenY = int(round(tweenY))

        # Do a fail-safe check to see if the user moved the mouse to a fail-safe position, but not if the mouse cursor
        # moved there as a result of this function. (Just because tweenX and tweenY aren't in a fail-safe position
        # doesn't mean the user couldn't have moved the mouse cursor to a fail-safe position.)
        if (tweenX, tweenY) not in FAILSAFE_POINTS:
            failSafeCheck()

        if moveOrDrag == "move":
            platformModule._moveTo(tweenX, tweenY)
        elif moveOrDrag == "drag":
            platformModule._dragTo(tweenX, tweenY, button)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError("Unknown value of moveOrDrag: {0}".format(moveOrDrag))

    if (tweenX, tweenY) not in FAILSAFE_POINTS:
        failSafeCheck()


# Keyboard Functions
# ==================


def isValidKey(key):
    """Returns a Boolean value if the given key is a valid value to pass to
    PyAutoGUI's keyboard-related functions for the current platform.

    This function is here because passing an invalid value to the PyAutoGUI
    keyboard functions currently is a no-op that does not raise an exception.

    Some keys are only valid on some platforms. For example, while 'esc' is
    valid for the Escape key on all platforms, 'browserback' is only used on
    Windows operating systems.

    Args:
      key (str): The key value.

    Returns:
      bool: True if key is a valid value, False if not.
    """
    return platformModule.keyboardMapping.get(key, None) is not None


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def keyDown(key, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a keyboard key press without the release. This will put that
    key in a held down state.

    NOTE: For some reason, this does not seem to cause key repeats like would
    happen if a keyboard key was held down on a text field.

    Args:
      key (str): The key to be pressed down. The valid names are listed in
      KEYBOARD_KEYS.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if len(key) > 1:
        key = key.lower()

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "keyDown", key, folder=".")
    platformModule._keyDown(key)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def keyUp(key, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a keyboard key release (without the press down beforehand).

    Args:
      key (str): The key to be released up. The valid names are listed in
      KEYBOARD_KEYS.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    if len(key) > 1:
        key = key.lower()

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "keyUp", key, folder=".")
    platformModule._keyUp(key)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def press(keys, presses=1, interval=0.0, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a keyboard key press down, followed by a release.

    Args:
      key (str, list): The key to be pressed. The valid names are listed in
      KEYBOARD_KEYS. Can also be a list of such strings.
      presses (integer, optional): The number of press repetitions.
      1 by default, for just one press.
      interval (float, optional): How many seconds between each press.
      0.0 by default, for no pause between presses.
      pause (float, optional): How many seconds in the end of function process.
      None by default, for no pause in the end of function process.
    Returns:
      None
    """
    if type(keys) == str:
        if len(keys) > 1:
            keys = keys.lower()
        keys = [keys]  # If keys is 'enter', convert it to ['enter'].
    else:
        lowerKeys = []
        for s in keys:
            if len(s) > 1:
                lowerKeys.append(s.lower())
            else:
                lowerKeys.append(s)
        keys = lowerKeys
    interval = float(interval)
    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "press", ",".join(keys), folder=".")
    for i in range(presses):
        for k in keys:
            failSafeCheck()
            platformModule._keyDown(k)
            platformModule._keyUp(k)
        time.sleep(interval)


@contextmanager
@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def hold(keys, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Context manager that performs a keyboard key press down upon entry,
    followed by a release upon exit.

    Args:
      key (str, list): The key to be pressed. The valid names are listed in
      KEYBOARD_KEYS. Can also be a list of such strings.
      pause (float, optional): How many seconds in the end of function process.
      None by default, for no pause in the end of function process.
    Returns:
      None
    """
    if type(keys) == str:
        if len(keys) > 1:
            keys = keys.lower()
        keys = [keys]  # If keys is 'enter', convert it to ['enter'].
    else:
        lowerKeys = []
        for s in keys:
            if len(s) > 1:
                lowerKeys.append(s.lower())
            else:
                lowerKeys.append(s)
        keys = lowerKeys
    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "press", ",".join(keys), folder=".")
    for k in keys:
        failSafeCheck()
        platformModule._keyDown(k)
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        for k in keys:
            failSafeCheck()
            platformModule._keyUp(k)


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def typewrite(message, interval=0.0, logScreenshot=None, _pause=True):
    """Performs a keyboard key press down, followed by a release, for each of
    the characters in message.

    The message argument can also be list of strings, in which case any valid
    keyboard name can be used.

    Since this performs a sequence of keyboard presses and does not hold down
    keys, it cannot be used to perform keyboard shortcuts. Use the hotkey()
    function for that.

    Args:
      message (str, list): If a string, then the characters to be pressed. If a
        list, then the key names of the keys to press in order. The valid names
        are listed in KEYBOARD_KEYS.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each press.
        0.0 by default, for no pause in between presses.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    interval = float(interval)  # TODO - this should be taken out.

    _logScreenshot(logScreenshot, "write", message, folder=".")
    for c in message:
        if len(c) > 1:
            c = c.lower()
        press(c, _pause=False)
        time.sleep(interval)
        failSafeCheck()


write = typewrite  # In PyAutoGUI 1.0, write() replaces typewrite().


@_genericPyAutoGUIChecks
def hotkey(*args, **kwargs):
    """Performs key down presses on the arguments passed in order, then performs
    key releases in reverse order.

    The effect is that calling hotkey('ctrl', 'shift', 'c') would perform a
    "Ctrl-Shift-C" hotkey/keyboard shortcut press.

    Args:
      key(s) (str): The series of keys to press, in order. This can also be a
        list of key strings to press.
      interval (float, optional): The number of seconds in between each press.
        0.0 by default, for no pause in between presses.

    Returns:
      None
    """
    interval = float(kwargs.get("interval", 0.0))  # TODO - this should be taken out.

    if len(args) and isinstance(args[0], Sequence) and not isinstance(args[0], str):
        # Let the user pass a list of strings
        args = tuple(args[0])

    _logScreenshot(kwargs.get("logScreenshot"), "hotkey", ",".join(args), folder=".")
    for c in args:
        if len(c) > 1:
            c = c.lower()
        platformModule._keyDown(c)
        time.sleep(interval)
    for c in reversed(args):
        if len(c) > 1:
            c = c.lower()
        platformModule._keyUp(c)
        time.sleep(interval)


shortcut = hotkey  # shortcut() is an alias for htotkey()


def failSafeCheck():
    if FAILSAFE and tuple(position()) in FAILSAFE_POINTS:
        raise FailSafeException(
            "PyAutoGUI fail-safe triggered from mouse moving to a corner of the screen. To disable this fail-safe, set pyautogui.FAILSAFE to False. DISABLING FAIL-SAFE IS NOT RECOMMENDED."
        )


def displayMousePosition(xOffset=0, yOffset=0):
    """This function is meant to be run from the command line. It will
    automatically display the location and RGB of the mouse cursor."""
    try:
        runningIDLE = sys.stdin.__module__.startswith("idlelib")
    except AttributeError:
        runningIDLE = False

    print("Press Ctrl-C to quit.")
    if xOffset != 0 or yOffset != 0:
        print("xOffset: %s yOffset: %s" % (xOffset, yOffset))
    try:
        while True:
            # Get and print the mouse coordinates.
            x, y = position()
            positionStr = "X: " + str(x - xOffset).rjust(4) + " Y: " + str(y - yOffset).rjust(4)
            if not onScreen(x - xOffset, y - yOffset) or sys.platform == "darwin":
                # Pixel color can only be found for the primary monitor, and also not on mac due to the screenshot having the mouse cursor in the way.
                pixelColor = ("NaN", "NaN", "NaN")
            else:
                pixelColor = pyscreeze.screenshot().getpixel(
                    (x, y)
                )  # NOTE: On Windows & Linux, getpixel() returns a 3-integer tuple, but on macOS it returns a 4-integer tuple.
            positionStr += " RGB: (" + str(pixelColor[0]).rjust(3)
            positionStr += ", " + str(pixelColor[1]).rjust(3)
            positionStr += ", " + str(pixelColor[2]).rjust(3) + ")"
            sys.stdout.write(positionStr)
            if not runningIDLE:
                # If this is a terminal, than we can erase the text by printing \b backspaces.
                sys.stdout.write("\b" * len(positionStr))
            else:
                # If this isn't a terminal (i.e. IDLE) then we can only append more text. Print a newline instead and pause a second (so we don't send too much output).
                sys.stdout.write("\n")
                time.sleep(1)
            sys.stdout.flush()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        sys.stdout.write("\n")
        sys.stdout.flush()


def _snapshot(tag, folder=None, region=None, radius=None):
    # TODO feature not finished
    if region is not None and radius is not None:
        raise Exception("Either region or radius arguments (or neither) can be passed to snapshot, but not both")

    if radius is not None:
        x, y = platformModule._position()

    if folder is None:
        folder = os.getcwd()

    now = datetime.datetime.now()
    filename = "%s-%s-%s_%s-%s-%s-%s_%s.png" % (
        now.year,
        str(now.month).rjust(2, "0"),
        str(now.day).rjust(2, "0"),
        now.hour,
        now.minute,
        now.second,
        str(now.microsecond)[:3],
        tag,
    )
    filepath = os.path.join(folder, filename)
    screenshot(filepath)


def sleep(seconds):
    time.sleep(seconds)


def countdown(seconds):
    for i in range(seconds, 0, -1):
        print(str(i), end=" ", flush=True)
        time.sleep(1)
    print()


def _getNumberToken(commandStr):
    """Gets the number token at the start of commandStr.

    Given '5hello' returns '5'
    Given '  5hello' returns '  5'
    Given '-42hello' returns '-42'
    Given '+42hello' returns '+42'
    Given '3.14hello' returns '3.14'

    Raises an exception if it can't tokenize a number.
    """
    pattern = re.compile(r"^(\s*(\+|\-)?\d+(\.\d+)?)")
    mo = pattern.search(commandStr)
    if mo is None:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: a number was expected")

    return mo.group(1)


def _getQuotedStringToken(commandStr):
    """Gets the quoted string token at the start of commandStr.
    The quoted string must use single quotes.

    Given "'hello'world" returns "'hello'"
    Given "  'hello'world" returns "  'hello'"

    Raises an exception if it can't tokenize a quoted string.
    """
    pattern = re.compile(r"^((\s*)('(.*?)'))")
    mo = pattern.search(commandStr)
    if mo is None:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: a quoted string was expected")

    return mo.group(1)


def _getParensCommandStrToken(commandStr):
    """Gets the command string token at the start of commandStr. It will also
    be enclosed with parentheses.

    Given "(ccc)world" returns "(ccc)"
    Given "  (ccc)world" returns "  (ccc)"
    Given "(ccf10(r))world" returns "(ccf10(r))"

    Raises an exception if it can't tokenize a quoted string.
    """

    # Check to make sure at least one open parenthesis exists:
    pattern = re.compile(r"^\s*\(")
    mo = pattern.search(commandStr)
    if mo is None:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: No open parenthesis found.")

    # Check to make sure the parentheses are balanced:
    i = 0
    openParensCount = 0
    while i < len(commandStr):
        if commandStr[i] == "(":
            openParensCount += 1
        elif commandStr[i] == ")":
            openParensCount -= 1
            if openParensCount == 0:
                i += 1  # Remember to increment i past the ) before breaking.
                break
            elif openParensCount == -1:
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: No open parenthesis for this close parenthesis.")
        i += 1
    if openParensCount > 0:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: Not enough close parentheses.")

    return commandStr[0:i]


def _getCommaToken(commandStr):
    """Gets the comma token at the start of commandStr.

    Given ',' returns ','
    Given '  ,', returns '  ,'

    Raises an exception if a comma isn't found.
    """
    pattern = re.compile(r"^((\s*),)")
    mo = pattern.search(commandStr)
    if mo is None:
        raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index 0: a comma was expected")

    return mo.group(1)


def _tokenizeCommandStr(commandStr):
    """Tokenizes commandStr into a list of commands and their arguments for
    the run() function. Returns the list."""

    commandPattern = re.compile(r"^(su|sd|ss|c|l|m|r|g|d|k|w|h|f|s|a|p)")

    # Tokenize the command string.
    commandList = []
    i = 0  # Points to the current index in commandStr that is being tokenized.
    while i < len(commandStr):
        if commandStr[i] in (" ", "\t", "\n", "\r"):
            # Skip over whitespace:
            i += 1
            continue

        mo = commandPattern.match(commandStr[i:])
        if mo is None:
            raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s: %s is not a valid command" % (i, commandStr[i]))

        individualCommand = mo.group(1)
        commandList.append(individualCommand)
        i += len(individualCommand)

        # Handle the no argument commands (c, l, m, r, su, sd, ss):
        if individualCommand in ("c", "l", "m", "r", "su", "sd", "ss"):
            pass  # This just exists so these commands are covered by one of these cases.

        # Handle the arguments of the mouse (g)o and mouse (d)rag commands:
        elif individualCommand in ("g", "d"):
            try:
                x = _getNumberToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(x)  # Increment past the x number.

                comma = _getCommaToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(comma)  # Increment past the comma (and any whitespace).

                y = _getNumberToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(y)  # Increment past the y number.

            except PyAutoGUIException as excObj:
                # Exception message starts with something like "Invalid command at index 0:"
                # Change the index number and reraise it.
                indexPart, colon, message = str(excObj).partition(":")

                indexNum = indexPart[len("Invalid command at index ") :]
                newIndexNum = int(indexNum) + i
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s:%s" % (newIndexNum, message))

            # Make sure either both x and y have +/- or neither of them do:
            if x.lstrip()[0].isdecimal() and not y.lstrip()[0].isdecimal():
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s: Y has a +/- but X does not." % (i - len(y)))
            if not x.lstrip()[0].isdecimal() and y.lstrip()[0].isdecimal():
                raise PyAutoGUIException(
                    "Invalid command at index %s: Y does not have a +/- but X does." % (i - len(y))
                )

            # Get rid of any whitespace at the front:
            commandList.append(x.lstrip())
            commandList.append(y.lstrip())

        # Handle the arguments of the (s)leep and (p)ause commands:
        elif individualCommand in ("s", "p"):
            try:
                num = _getNumberToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(num)  # Increment past the number.

                # TODO - raise an exception if a + or - is in the number.

            except PyAutoGUIException as excObj:
                # Exception message starts with something like "Invalid command at index 0:"
                # Change the index number and reraise it.
                indexPart, colon, message = str(excObj).partition(":")

                indexNum = indexPart[len("Invalid command at index ") :]
                newIndexNum = int(indexNum) + i
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s:%s" % (newIndexNum, message))

            # Get rid of any whitespace at the front:
            commandList.append(num.lstrip())

        # Handle the arguments of the (k)ey press, (w)rite, (h)otkeys, and (a)lert commands:
        elif individualCommand in ("k", "w", "h", "a"):
            try:
                quotedString = _getQuotedStringToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(quotedString)  # Increment past the quoted string.
            except PyAutoGUIException as excObj:
                # Exception message starts with something like "Invalid command at index 0:"
                # Change the index number and reraise it.
                indexPart, colon, message = str(excObj).partition(":")

                indexNum = indexPart[len("Invalid command at index ") :]
                newIndexNum = int(indexNum) + i
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s:%s" % (newIndexNum, message))

            # Get rid of any whitespace at the front and the quotes:
            commandList.append(quotedString[1:-1].lstrip())

        # Handle the arguments of the (f)or loop command:
        elif individualCommand == "f":
            try:
                numberOfLoops = _getNumberToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(numberOfLoops)  # Increment past the number of loops.

                subCommandStr = _getParensCommandStrToken(commandStr[i:])
                i += len(subCommandStr)  # Increment past the sub-command string.

            except PyAutoGUIException as excObj:
                # Exception message starts with something like "Invalid command at index 0:"
                # Change the index number and reraise it.
                indexPart, colon, message = str(excObj).partition(":")

                indexNum = indexPart[len("Invalid command at index ") :]
                newIndexNum = int(indexNum) + i
                raise PyAutoGUIException("Invalid command at index %s:%s" % (newIndexNum, message))

            # Get rid of any whitespace at the front:
            commandList.append(numberOfLoops.lstrip())

            # Get rid of any whitespace at the front and the quotes:
            subCommandStr = subCommandStr.lstrip()[1:-1]
            # Recursively call this function and append the list it returns:
            commandList.append(_tokenizeCommandStr(subCommandStr))

    return commandList


def _runCommandList(commandList, _ssCount):
    global PAUSE
    i = 0
    while i < len(commandList):
        command = commandList[i]

        if command == "c":
            click(button=PRIMARY)
        elif command == "l":
            click(button=LEFT)
        elif command == "m":
            click(button=MIDDLE)
        elif command == "r":
            click(button=RIGHT)
        elif command == "su":
            scroll(1)  # scroll up
        elif command == "sd":
            scroll(-1)  # scroll down
        elif command == "ss":
            screenshot("screenshot%s.png" % (_ssCount[0]))
            _ssCount[0] += 1
        elif command == "s":
            sleep(float(commandList[i + 1]))
            i += 1
        elif command == "p":
            PAUSE = float(commandList[i + 1])
            i += 1
        elif command == "g":
            if commandList[i + 1][0] in ("+", "-") and commandList[i + 2][0] in ("+", "-"):
                move(int(commandList[i + 1]), int(commandList[i + 2]))
            else:
                moveTo(int(commandList[i + 1]), int(commandList[i + 2]))
            i += 2
        elif command == "d":
            if commandList[i + 1][0] in ("+", "-") and commandList[i + 2][0] in ("+", "-"):
                drag(int(commandList[i + 1]), int(commandList[i + 2]))
            else:
                dragTo(int(commandList[i + 1]), int(commandList[i + 2]))
            i += 2
        elif command == "k":
            press(commandList[i + 1])
            i += 1
        elif command == "w":
            write(commandList[i + 1])
            i += 1
        elif command == "h":
            hotkey(*commandList[i + 1].replace(" ", "").split(","))
            i += 1
        elif command == "a":
            alert(commandList[i + 1])
            i += 1
        elif command == "f":
            for j in range(int(commandList[i + 1])):
                _runCommandList(commandList[i + 2], _ssCount)
            i += 2
        i += 1


def run(commandStr, _ssCount=None):
    """Run a series of PyAutoGUI function calls according to a mini-language
    made for this function. The `commandStr` is composed of character
    commands that represent PyAutoGUI function calls.

    For example, `run('ccg-20,+0c')` clicks the mouse twice, then makes
    the mouse cursor go 20 pixels to the left, then click again.

    Whitespace between commands and arguments is ignored. Command characters
    must be lowercase. Quotes must be single quotes.

    For example, the previous call could also be written as `run('c c g -20, +0 c')`.

    The character commands and their equivalents are here:

    `c` => `click(button=PRIMARY)`
    `l` => `click(button=LEFT)`
    `m` => `click(button=MIDDLE)`
    `r` => `click(button=RIGHT)`
    `su` => `scroll(1) # scroll up`
    `sd` => `scroll(-1) # scroll down`
    `ss` => `screenshot('screenshot1.png') # filename number increases on its own`

    `gX,Y` => `moveTo(X, Y)`
    `g+X,-Y` => `move(X, Y) # The + or - prefix is the difference between move() and moveTo()`
    `dX,Y` => `dragTo(X, Y)`
    `d+X,-Y` => `drag(X, Y) # The + or - prefix is the difference between drag() and dragTo()`

    `k'key'` => `press('key')`
    `w'text'` => `write('text')`
    `h'key,key,key'` => `hotkey(*'key,key,key'.replace(' ', '').split(','))`
    `a'hello'` => `alert('hello')`

    `sN` => `sleep(N) # N can be an int or float`
    `pN` => `PAUSE = N # N can be an int or float`

    `fN(commands)` => for i in range(N): run(commands)

    Note that any changes to `PAUSE` with the `p` command will be undone when
    this function returns. The original `PAUSE` setting will be reset.

    TODO - This function is under development.
    """

    # run("ccc")  straight forward
    # run("susu") if 's' then peek at the next character
    global PAUSE

    if _ssCount is None:
        _ssCount = [
            0
        ]  # Setting this to a mutable list so that the callers can read the changed value. TODO improve this comment

    commandList = _tokenizeCommandStr(commandStr)

    # Carry out each command.
    originalPAUSE = PAUSE
    _runCommandList(commandList, _ssCount)
    PAUSE = originalPAUSE


def printInfo(dontPrint=False):
    msg = '''
         Platform: {}
   Python Version: {}
PyAutoGUI Version: {}
       Executable: {}
       Resolution: {}
        Timestamp: {}'''.format(
        *getInfo()
    )
    if not dontPrint:
        print(msg)
    return msg


def getInfo():
    return (sys.platform, sys.version, __version__, sys.executable, size(), datetime.datetime.now())


# Add the bottom left, top right, and bottom right corners to FAILSAFE_POINTS.
_right, _bottom = size()
FAILSAFE_POINTS.extend([(0, _bottom - 1), (_right - 1, 0), (_right - 1, _bottom - 1)])